•In cyber-physical systems (CPS), a physical mechanism is controlled or monitored by computer-based algorithms. In these systems, physical and software components are deeply intertwined; they can operate at different spatial and temporal scales, exhibit multiple and different behavioral modalities, and interact with each other in ways that vary with context. The source notes that this interweaving offers a higher combination and coordination between physical and computational elements.
Mobile cyber-physical systems, as the name suggests, have the ability to move and are an important subcategory of SFS. Examples of mobile physical systems include mobile robotics and electronics carried by humans or animals. The increasing popularity of smartphones has increased interest in this area; smartphone platforms are at the forefront of ideal mobile cyber-physical systems. Among the reasons for this are computing resources such as processing capability and local storage; multiple sensory input/output devices such as touch screens, cameras, GPS chips, speakers, microphones, and various sensors; multiple communication mechanisms such as WiFi, 4G, EDGE, and Bluetooth; high-level programming languages that are easy to develop, such as Java, C#, or JavaScript; and easy-to-use application distribution mechanisms.
In the field of industry, cyber-physical systems supported by cloud technologies, together with partners such as Schneider Electric, SAP, Honeywell and Microsoft, have led to the development of new approaches for Industry 4.0 within the framework of the European Commission’s IMC-EZOP project. Cyber-physical models for future manufacturing create a “merged-model” approach. The merged model is a digital twin of a real machine that works on a cloud platform and simulates the health status of the system by integrating both data-driven analytical algorithms and existing physical information. This model first creates a digital image during the design phase; system design and physical information are recorded in a process where a simulation model is created as a reference for future analysis during product design. Initial parameters can be statistically generalized, and the production process can be adjusted using test data or parameter estimation. Thanks to the connectivity provided by cloud computing technology, the merged model provides accessibility for factory managers, even when physical access to real equipment or machine data is limited.
One of the challenges in the development of embedded and cyber-physical systems is the great difference between the various engineering disciplines involved in design applications. From a design applications perspective, there is currently no common “language” that encompasses all the disciplines involved in SFS. Recent studies have shown that it is possible to use common simulation instead of applying new tools or design methods to integrate different disciplines; the results from the MODELISAR project demonstrate that this approach can be implemented by proposing a new standard for co-simulation in the form of a Functional Model Interface.
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